中国航运业编辑
Its advantage lies in the large volume of ocean transportation, the low cost of ocean transportation, and the wide access of shipping channels. However, its disadvantages include slow speed, high risk of navigation, and uncertain sailing date.
liner
liner
According to the mode of ship operation, international ocean shipping can be divided into liner shipping and charter shipping.
Liner shipping
A. features of liner transport :(l) liner transport has fixed shipping date, route, port of call and relatively fixed freight rate; (2) the liner's freight includes loading and unloading charges, so the liner's port loading and unloading should be undertaken by the ship; (3) the number of goods carried by liner is relatively flexible, and the shipper can book space as required, which is especially suitable for the transportation of general cargo and container goods.
B. liner freight.
Liner freight is stipulated in liner tariff, including basic freight and various surcharges. Basic freight is divided into two categories: one is the traditional freight of a piece of groceries; One category is container rates.
Groceries are also priced or shipped on a per-piece basis. For bulk and low-value goods, the freight rate may be negotiated by both parties.
There are various surcharges in liner freight, including; Extra length surcharge, extra weight surcharge, optional discharge surcharge, change of discharge surcharge, fuel surcharge, congestion surcharge, deviation surcharge, transhipment surcharge and direct route surcharge, etc.
In addition to the aforesaid sea freight, related service charges and equipment usage fees shall be included in the container transport expenses.
In addition, the liner company will charge freight if different commodities are mixed in the same package. If the gross weight and volume are not separately stated by the shipper in different packages, the freight shall be calculated and collected for the full bill of lading for the goods with higher charges. If the gross weight and volume are not separately stated by the shipper, the freight shall also be charged at a higher rate.
Charter transportation
Chartering means chartering a whole ship. Charter cost is lower than liner, and can choose direct route, so bulk goods generally use charter shipping transport. There are two main ways of chartering: voyage chartering and time chartering.
Voyage charter. Voyage charter is based on voyage charter, also known as voyage charter. The ship shall complete the cargo transport task according to the voyage stipulated in the charter party and shall be responsible for the operation and management of the ship and all expenses incurred during the voyage. Generally speaking, the freight for voyage charter is calculated according to the quantity of goods shipped, or the voyage charter amount. The rights and obligations of both parties shall be specified in the charter party: in the method of voyage charter, the contract shall specify whether the ship shall bear the costs of loading and unloading the goods at the port. If the ship does not bear the loading and unloading, the loading and unloading period or loading and unloading rate shall be stipulated in the contract, together with demurrage and dispatch money correspondingly. If the charterer fails to complete the loading and unloading work within the time limit. In order to compensate the ship for the loss caused by delayed sailing, the ship should pay a certain penalty, namely demurrage fee. If the charterer finishes the loading and unloading operation in advance, the ship shall pay a certain bonus to the charterer, which is called dispatch money. Usually dispatch money is half demurrage.
Time charter. Time charter refers to the mode of chartering a ship for a certain period of time for transportation. It is also called time charter. During this period, the charterer may dispatch and control the ship within the prescribed navigation area by himself, but he shall be responsible for various expenses in the operation process, such as fuel fee, port fee and handling fee.
China maritime industry editor
When China's maritime industry occupies a place in the world's maritime industry, its advantages and disadvantages are also exposed in the flood of global competition, which is the reality that China's port and shipping enterprises need to face up to and pay attention to when making strategic changes in their development mode. The advantage that our country shipping industry develops in world shipping
From the point of view of international trade
According to the international monetary fund forecast, in 2006 the international economic trend will still maintain the stable growth, the United States and the world will have the growth rate of 3.6% and 4.3% respectively, and China's GDP growth rate will also maintain above 8.5%.
A strong economy has boosted world trade. In 2003, the total value of international trade was 15.35 trillion us dollars. It reached $21.1462 trillion in 2005. In international trade, the "China factor" is the biggest bright spot. In 2004, China's import and export value, export value and import value were 1154.74 billion us dollars, 593.36 billion us dollars and 561.38 billion us dollars respectively, increasing by 35.7%, 35.4% and 36% respectively. The total value of import and export exceeded 1 trillion us dollars for the first time. In 2005, the volume of goods import and export reached us $1422.1 billion, ranking the third in both import and export value in the world. In addition, China's share of world trade has increased to 7.3% from 6.5% in 2004, an increase of 0.8 percentage points. The proportion of imports rose from 5.9 percent to 6.1 percent, an increase of 0.2 percentage points. China's import and export trade shows a good growth momentum and continues to play an important role in international trade.
Look from international shipping market
The BDI index for the international dry bulk market fell to 845 in October 2001, the lowest point of the year. The index rose slightly in 2002, but not much, ending the year at 1,731. In the second half of 2003, there was a big rise, which soared to 4470 points in October and closed at 4467 points at the end of the year. In 2004, it maintained a good growth momentum, reaching the highest point of 6101 and closing at 4438 at the end of the year. In March 2005, it was the highest point of the year at 4956 points and closed at 2321 points at the end of the year. Since 2002, the overall volume of dry bulk cargo has accelerated. Due to the great demand for bulk basic raw materials for the global economic development, the volume of iron ore, coal and other transport is growing rapidly, and China, as one of the fastest developing countries in the world economy, plays a very important role. In the past 10 years, the average annual growth rate of China's bulk dry bulk shipping volume was 17%, much higher than the international market level, and 70% increment of the world dry bulk shipping market came from China. In 2003, for example, China imported 148 million tons of iron ore, accounting for 28.5 percent of global seabornship. In 2004, the global seaborne volume of iron ore was 600 million tons, and China imported 208 million tons, accounting for 34.6%. In 2005, under the influence of state regulation and control, the growth rate decreased somewhat, but there was still a new demand of 60 million tons, and the annual import volume reached 248 million tons, with a growth rate of about 20%. It is expected that the international dry bulk shipping market, driven by China as a huge engine, will continue to grow in 2006, with an average annual growth rate of 6%.其优势在于海运运量大，海运成本低，运输渠道广。然而，它的缺点包括速度慢，航行风险高，航行日期不确定。
衬管
衬管
根据船舶经营方式，国际海运可分为班轮运输和租船运输。
班轮运输
A.班轮运输特点:(1)班轮运输具有固定的船期、航线、停靠港和相对固定的运价;(二)班轮运费包括装卸费用，因此班轮港口装卸由船舶承担;(3)班轮载货数量相对灵活，托运人可以根据需要订舱，特别适合一般货物和集装箱货物的运输。
班轮运费。
班轮运费是班轮运价中规定的，包括基本运费和各种附加费。基本运费分为两大类:一类是传统的杂货运费;一类是集装箱费率。
食品杂货也按件计价或发货。散货和低值货物的运费由双方协商确定。
班轮运输有多种附加费，包括;超长附加费、超重附加费、自选卸货附加费、变更卸货附加费、燃油附加费、拥挤附加费、偏差附加费、中转附加费、直航附加费等。
集装箱运输费用除上述海运费外，还应包括相关服务费和设备使用费。
另外，如果不同的商品混在一个包裹里，班轮公司会收取运费。发货人未将毛重、体积以不同包装单独载明的，运费按较高运费的整票提单计算收取。托运人未单独规定毛重和体积的，运费也应当加收。
租船运输
租船就是租整艘船。租船成本比班轮低，而且可以选择直航，所以散货一般采用租船运输。租船有两种主要方式:航次租船和定期租船。
航次租船合同。航次租船合同是以航次租船合同为基础的，又称航次租船合同。船舶应当按照租船合同约定的航次完成货物运输任务，并负责船舶的经营管理和航行中发生的一切费用。一般来说，航次租船的运费是根据所运货物的数量或者航次租船的金额来计算的。双方的权利和义务由租船合同约定:在航次租船合同中，约定船舶是否承担在港口装卸货物的费用。船舶不承担装卸责任的，应当在合同中约定装卸期限或者装卸费率，并相应支付滞期费和速遣费。承租人未在规定期限内完成装卸工作的。为了赔偿船舶因误期造成的损失，船舶应当支付一定的违约金，即滞期费。承租人提前完成装卸作业的，船舶应当向承租人支付一定的奖金，称为速遣费。通常速遣费是滞期费的一半。
定期租船。定期租船是指在一定时期内租船运输的方式。它也叫定期租船合同。在此期间，承租人可以在规定的航区内自行调度、控制船舶，但应当负担船舶营运过程中的各种费用，如燃油费、港口费、装卸费等。
中国航运业编辑
当中国海洋产业在世界上占有一席之地的海洋产业,它的优点和缺点也暴露在全球竞争的洪水,这是事实,中国的港口和航运企业需要面对和关注在进行战略发展模式的变化。我国航运业在世界航运发展中的优势
从国际贸易的角度来看
据国际货币基金组织预测，2006年国际经济走势仍将保持稳定增长，美国和世界经济增速将分别保持3.6%和4.3%，中国国内生产总值增速也将保持在8.5%以上。
强劲的经济促进了世界贸易。2003年，国际贸易总额为15.35万亿美元。它达到了$
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